《保险研究》20230208-《公平性视角下的日本国民年金制度研究》（岳卫、陈昊泽）

［摘   要］以“国民皆年金”为原则,日本国民年金制度的诞生,源于《日本宪法》形成基础性、全面性老后所得保障机制的要求。近年来日本国民年金制度以公平性为主线经历多次改革,扩展主体的全面性实现水平公平,改革年金的基础性推动分配正义,以财政的可持续性及配套改革作为国民年金水平公平、分配正义的支撑。数理上代际公平问题的背后,是日本国民年金制度的国民信赖性问题。因而,历次改革将该问题的解决,落脚在财政的可持续性上。基于日本经验,保障范围的全面性是实现公共养老金制度目标的基础,基础养老金全国统筹项下更应关注水平公平、分配正义与财政可持续性的关联性,延迟退休背景下公共养老金需要实现灵活性改革,基础养老金制度与个人养老金制度应在实现各自制度目标的基础上协同。

［关键词］日本国民年金；公平性；社会保险；公共养老金

［基金项目］国家留学基金“国家建设高水平大学公派研究生项目”（202206310054）。

［作者简介］岳卫，南京大学法学院副教授；陈昊泽，厦门大学法学院博士研究生，日本京都大学访问学者。

A Study of the Japanese National Pension System from the Perspective of Fairness

YUE Wei,CHEN Hao-ze

Abstract：The Japanese national pension system was born out of the requirement of THE CONSTITUTION OF JAPAN to form a basic and comprehensive mechanism for securing income in old age,based on the principle of "every citizen has a national pension".In recent years,Japan′s national pension system has undergone several reforms with equity as the main pursuit.It has expanded the comprehensiveness of the population coverage to achieve horizontal equity,reformed the basic nature of the pension to promote distributive justice,and supported the horizontal equity and distributive justice of the national pension with financial sustainability and supporting reforms.Behind mathematical intergenerational equity is the problem of national trustworthiness of the Japanese national pension system.Therefore,successive reforms have anchored the solution of this problem in financial sustainability.Based on the Japanese experience,the comprehensiveness of coverage is the foundation of public pensions,and the nationwide basic pension should stress the coordination of pension benefits fairness,distributive justice,and financial sustainability.Public pensions need to accomodate flexible reforms in the context of delayed retirement,and the basic pension system and personal pension system should be synergistic based on achieving the goals of their respective systems.

Key words：Japanese national pension;fairness;social insurance;public pensions