《保险研究》20240205-《重述社会保险和商业保险关系的历史渊源与发展脉络——基于法律文本的考察》（胡鑫磊）

［摘   要］多层次社会保障体系建设背景下，社会保险与商业保险的关系由竞争转向合作。从历史角度看，社商保险的分合流变受到政策法律影响不断变化。在现代保险出现之前，互助、船货抵押贷款和共同海损孕育着互助共济、风险转移和风险分摊等保险思想。现代保险出现后，在盈利和救济不同的价值取向主导下保险分别走向商业化和社会化。社会保险立法标志着社商保险形成了历史分野。相互独立的发展模式下，社会保险面临财政负担沉重与管理效率低下的问题，保障范围和保障水平不能有效提升，开始寻求与商业保险的合作。社商保险在社会保障体系框架内，出现社会保险私有化改革与商业保险参与社会保障体系两种新的发展方向，预示着社商保险渐趋融合的发展趋势。社会保险与商业保险关系演变历史启示，应立足我国人口规模巨大的本土特征，通过社商保险合作健全多层次社会保障体系。

［关键词］社会保险史；保险史；社商融合；社会保障体系

［基金项目］教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“普惠保险对保险法的挑战及应对研究”（22YJC820040）。

［作者简介］胡鑫磊，厦门大学法学院博士研究生。

Restatement of the Historical Origin and Development of Social Insurance and Commercial Insurance—Examination Based on Legal Texts

HU Xin-lei

Abstract：In the context of building a multi-tiered social security system,the relationship between social insurance and commercial insurance has shifted from competition to cooperation.From a historical perspective,their separation and convergence are constantly influenced by policies and laws.Before the emergence of modern insurance,mutual aid,cargo mortgage loans and general average gave birth to insurance thoughts such as mutual assistance,risk transfer,and risk sharing.With the advent of modern insurance,insurance has been commercialized and socialized under different value orientations of profit-making and relief.The legislation of social insurance marks the historical division of social insurance and commercial insurance.Under the independent development model,social insurance has faced problems of heavy fiscal burden and low management efficiency,and the scope and level of protection cannot be effectively improved.Therefore,it has begun to seek cooperation with commercial insurance.Within the framework of the social security system,there are two new development directions:privatization reform of social insurance and commercial insurance′s participation in the social security system,indicating the trend of gradual convergence of social insurance and commercial insurance.The evolution of the relationship between the two offers the insight that,on the basis of the characteristics of China′s huge population,we should try to establish a sound multi-tiered social security system through cooperation between social insurance and commercial insurance.

Key words：history of social insurance;insurance history;the convergence of social insurance and commercial insurance ;social security system